Keto and Intermittent Fasting Dominated 2018 — Here's Why They Are So Damn Effective

The keto diet is a high-fat, moderate-protein, super-low-carb diet. When your body is running on so few carbs, it enters a state of ketosis, during which it starts burning fat for fuel instead of glucose (your body processes glucose from carbs).

On the keto diet, the macronutrient profile should be close to 70 to 80 percent fat, 15 to 20 percent protein, and five to 10 percent carbs, according to Catherine Metzgar, PhD, RD, a clinical team member at Virta Health. You should aim to keep your carbs at 50 grams a day or fewer, although every person is different and may have varying thresholds of ketosis.

If you aren't sure if your body is in ketosis, you can test it with urine strips, which let you know how many ketones your body is producing.

When it comes to fat on the keto diet, you want to make sure you're eating quality fats. Anna Barnwell, MPH, MSW, a member of the Virta Health team, explained in a blog post that a majority of your dietary fat should come from monounsaturated and saturated fats. You should be cautious of polyunsaturated fats like corn, sunflower, and peanut oils since your body cannot tolerate them well in large amounts.

Monounsaturated Fats

• Animal fats
• Avocado oil
• Bacon
• Canola oil
• High-oleic safflower oil
• Lard
• Macadamia nut oil
• Olive oil
• Sausage

Saturated Fats

• Beef (suet)
• Butter
• Cheese
• Coconut oil
• Cream
• Lamb
• Palm oil

Polyunsaturated Fats

• Flaxseed oil (an alternative for vegetarians and vegans)
• Omega-3
• Omega-6

A common misconception about the keto diet is that you can consume all the protein you want. Eating too much protein can prevent you from reaching nutritional ketosis. Here are the protein sources you can consume on the keto diet.

• Bacon
• Canned tuna
• Chicken
• Crab
• Deli meat
• Eggs
• Ground beef
• Ground turkey
• Ham
• Lobster
• Lox
• Prosciutto
• Pork
• Pork sausage
• Salami
• Salmon
• Shrimp
• Steak
• Tuna

In order to reach nutritional ketosis, you'll need to eat more than just protein and fats. Here are some great veggie options to include in your diet.

• Artichoke
• Artichoke hearts
• Asparagus
• Bell peppers
• Broccoli
• Cauliflower
• Celery
• Cucumbers
• Aubergine
• Green beans
• Jicama
• Kale
• Lettuce
• Mushrooms
• Onions
• Radishes
• Romaine
• Spinach
• Courgette

Unlike most diets, dairy is actually approved on the keto diet. Here are some items to toss in your cart the next time you're shopping.

• Alfredo sauce
• Butter
• Cheese sticks
• Cottage cheese
• Cream cheese
• Hard cheeses (Parmesan, Swiss, feta, and cheddar)
• Heavy cream
• Mayonnaise
• Soft cheeses (brie, mozzarella, Monterey Jack, and blue cheese)
• Sour cream
• Yoghurt — full fat

Some fruits are high in sugar, but there's no need to cut out all fruits on the keto diet. You've just got to make sure you're eating the right fruits. Stock up on these fruits during your next grocery store run.

• Avocados
• Blackberries
• Blueberries
• Cantaloupe
• Cherries
• Grapefruit
• Kiwis
• Lemons
• Limes
• Peaches
• Raspberries
• Strawberries
• Watermelon

Although these fruits are keto-approved, it's important you track your total carbs to make sure you're in a state of ketosis.

If you want to successfully follow the keto diet, experts say to do the following.

• Eat more salt.
• Eat more magnesium-rich foods.
• Don't do the dirty keto diet.
• Be consistent for two to four months to see results.

Intermittent fasting (IF) isn't necessarily about what you eat, but when you eat it. IF refers to a way of eating that alternates between periods of not eating (fasting) and periods of eating (sometimes called your "feeding" or "feasting window"). This diet is supposed to decrease insulin levels, increase human growth hormone, improve digestion and mood, and boost weight loss.

There are several different ways to do IF, and it's not a one-size-fits-all diet. The most popular forms of intermittent fasting are:

• Leangains: The most popular form of Leangains is fasting for 16 hours and eating within an eight-hour window each day. If that seems too extreme, you can practice Leangains with 14:10 or 12:12 and work your way up to a 16-hour fasting period.
• 5:2, or Fast Diet: For two days each week (not consecutively), you eat around 500 calories a day. The other five days of the week, you eat normally, as if you weren't on a diet. Still, on eating days, you should not go over your daily calorie target (i.e., 2,000 calories a day).
• Eat, Stop, Eat: Fasting for 24 hours once or twice a week, then eating however you want the other days of the week. This means 24 hours with absolutely no food.
• 20:4, or The Warrior Diet: Fasting for 20 hours and only eating within a four-hour window. This typically means just one large meal a day.
• Alternate Day Fasting: Fast for one day (you can eat up to 500 calories on fasting days) and then eat normally the next day, and repeat throughout the week. It's similar to 5:2 just with more fasting days.

Although food is off limits during your fasting period, you can still drink liquids. The key is to make sure they are calorie-free beverages and free of artificial sweeteners and flavours. To keep it simple, these are the three beverages you can drink on IF:

• Coffee: Unfortunately, you can't add anything into your coffee when you're in your fasting window (like cream, milk, or sugar) because this will throw off your fasting window.
• Tea: Same thing here — tea is only appropriate if it's free of sweeteners or additives.
• Water: Whatever you do, don't skip out on drinking plenty of water throughout the day. This will prevent dehydration and help curb your hunger. You can also drink sparkling water as long as it is unflavoured.

To optimize your time on intermittent fasting, here are some expert-approved tips:

• Fast for at least 12 hours a day (although 13 is ideal).
• If you're looking to lose weight, you should still eat in a healthy calorie deficit during your feeding window, especially if you're doing Leangains (to calculate your calorie target, use this formula). If you're doing 5:2, you can eat more calories on your feasting days; you don't need to eat in a calorie deficit on those days since the two fasting days will give you an overall weekly deficit.
• If you need some help, check out these five apps.
• Curious what you should eat during your feeding window? Here's what the experts recommend and what one day of eating on intermittent fasting looks like.